It happened on today's date, February 12

Today is Sunday, February 12, the 43rd day of 2023 There are 322 days left in the year.

1804 - The German philosopher Immanuel Kant, the founder of German classical philosophy, died His teaching has three essential characteristics: the "Copernican turn", "criticism" and "the primacy of the practical over the theoretical mind".

As a sign of the first, he started from the assumption that objects must be managed according to knowledge, and not the other way around, that is, that human cognitive powers are independent of experience and that man is the "legislator of nature" By the second, he meant the necessity of a transcendental examination of human powers in the form of the question "what can I know" and "what should I do".

The primacy of the practical over the theoretical mind was derived from the impossibility of deriving the "laws of freedom" from necessity, i e.

from the "laws of nature" or mind from sensibility and reason.

He also proposed a hypothesis about the natural origin of the Earth and heavenly bodies - Kant's cosmogonic hypothesis Works: "Critique of Pure Mind", "Critique of Practical Mind", "Critique of Rational Power", "General History of Nature and Theory of Heaven".

1809 - Born English biologist Charles Robert Darwin (in the photo), creator of the theory of evolution of living beings, named Darwinism in his honor He studied medicine and then theology.

During the expedition with the ship "Beagle" from 1831 to 1836, he collected a huge amount of scientific material, and he described the trip in the book "The Voyage of a Naturalist Around the World" On the coasts of South America and islands in the Pacific Ocean, he studied geological formations, plants and animals and concluded that the organisms gradually changed.

After 22 years of work, he published an epoch-making work " 1818 - Chile declared independence from Spain 1832 - Pacific Islands of Galapagos annexed to Ecuador.

1851 - Edward Hargraves found gold at Summerhill Creek in New South Wales, sparking the "gold rush" in Australia 1882 - Birth of Serbian painter Ljubomir Ivanović, pioneer of Serbian graphics.

After studying at the State Academy in Munich, he was a professor at the Art School in Belgrade In Serbian painting, drawing developed from an auxiliary painting discipline to an independent work of art.

His extraordinary realistic drawings, with motifs from various parts of our country, have, apart from artistic, exceptional documentary value He created two linocut maps: "Old Paris" and "From our regions" and three albums of pencil drawings: "From Southern Serbia", "Regions of Šumadija and Southern Serbia" and " 1942 - During the escape from the Red Cross concentration camp near Nis, during the Second World War, 42 inmates were killed in the confrontation with the Germans, and 105 were freed.

The Germans shot 850 people in retaliation About 30,000 people passed through the camp during the war, and more than 10,000 were shot on Bubanj hill.

1949 - Classes at the Academy of Theater Arts, founded in 1948, began in Belgrade 1953 - The USSR broke off diplomatic relations with Israel after the bombing of the Soviet Embassy in Tel Aviv.

1973 - North Vietnam released the first group of American prisoners of war during the Vietnam War 1974 - Russian writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature, was arrested in Moscow, and the next day he was stripped of his Soviet citizenship and expelled from the country, after which he spent two decades in exile.

1979 - French film director Jean Renoir, son of painter Auguste Renoir, creator of poetic film realism, died In his films, dream and reality, joy and sadness of everyday life were mixed.

In accordance with the anarchist attitude towards bourgeois hypocrisy, before the Second World War he made several anti-war films, which strongly influenced the spiritual state of the nation He wrote the books "Renoir, my father" and "My life and my films".

Movies: "Nana", "Cučka", "Madame Bovary", "Toni", "The Crime of Mr Lange", "Excursion", "The Great Illusion", "The Marseillaise", "Man-Beast", "The Rules of the Game", " Swamp", "This country is mine", "Woman on the shore", "River", "Helena and men", " "Sve vatre oganj", "Someone who goes this way", "We love Glenda so much", "The Chaser", novels "Skolice", "Manuel's book", literary essays "The Last Round", "The History of Chronopiy and Fame", "The Way Around days for 80 worlds", travelogue "Autonauts kosmoputa".

1986 - The USA extradited the Croatian war criminal Andrija Artuković, Minister of Internal Affairs of the Ustasha NDH, to the SFRY The trial in Zagreb turned into a farce, because he was not tried for the crime of genocide and the murder of more than 700,000 Serbs, Jews and Roma in World War II, but only for individual crimes.

1990 - Carmen Lawrence became the Prime Minister of Western Australia as the first female head of government of an Australian state 1996 - Yasser Arafat took office as the first Palestinian president.

1997 - Hwang Jang Jop, a close associate of North Korean President Kim Jong Il, requested political asylum in South Korea at the South Korean embassy in Beijing 1999 - The US Senate decided by a majority vote against the impeachment of US President Bill Clinton, deciding on the scandalous love affair between the US president and White House intern Monica Lewinsky.

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